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Taxes

Sourcing Taxes for Roth Conversions

"And I’m only considering the 1st IRMAA bracket increase ($81?) not the higher ones. I hope."
- Mark Ukleja
Read more »

Health

Medicare Part D premium shock 2027

"Shopping plans won’t do much good; the cause of most increases is not because of underlying costs, but because laws and political decisions have simply shifted costs and the insured population will pick up the different. For some reason the thinking is, don’t send money to insurance companies because they are ripping us off. Instead let the patients send it and government saves money. This is an amazing smoke and mirrors strategy to find another scapegoat. I doubt most Medicare beneficiaries will understand what is actually going on. 😢🥵 Most people won’t believe this, but insurance companies are not the enemy, they don’t make excessive profits, their net profit margins are low, about the same as regulated utilities. But I guess we have to have someone else to blame. The ironic thing is the majority of workers with employer coverage don’t even have insurance. Their employer is self-insured and the company on their ID “insurance” card just processes claims for a fee and has no risk for claim payments."
- R Quinn
Read more »

Retirement

Will Congress Wait Until the Last Minute on Social Security?

"Members of Congress are like children. Procrastinate until the very last minute to do anything. How many government shutdowns threats have we endured because they are mostly all child-like. Just please remember you are working for your constituents, not yourselves."
- Ted Tompkins
Read more »

Behavior

Time Is Priceless

"Andrew-You are a fantastic writer-keep it up!"
- Philip Russell
Read more »

From HumbleDollar Founder Jonathan Clements

Lists

Why HumbleDollar?

IN OUR 20s, WE TEND to be a confident lot: We figure we know what we want from our life, that the goal is…
Read more »

Behavior

My favorite question.

"You are indeed rich. Rich is not just about money."
- Steve Skillman
Read more »

Investing

Financial Lessons

WHAT'S THE MOST important idea in personal finance? It’s hard to single out just one, but over the years, I’ve found the following dozen ideas to be among the most useful.
  1. Whether it’s on TV or online, there’s never any shortage of market prognosticators. Especially during a bull market, everyone seems to have an opinion on where things are headed. The reality, though, is that people can only guess about how the economy, the market or any individual investment will perform. Convincing as they might sound, no one has a crystal ball. That’s why, when it comes to investing, I suggest taking an evidence-based approach, one that relies as much as possible on data and research rather than on the simple stories, anecdotes and sayings that are so prevalent among market commentators.
  2. What does the data tell us? Among the most significant research in recent years is the work of Hendrik Bessembinder. In looking at the historical returns of stocks, he found that just a tiny fraction—only 4%—have accounted for the vast majority of the market’s gains over and above what Treasury bills paid, and the median stock actually delivered a negative return. This is one of the key reasons I recommend index funds rather than picking individual stocks or investing in an actively-managed fund. Identifying that 4% is almost impossibly difficult. But if you invest in a broad-based index fund, you’ll have a high likelihood of owning the next Apple or Nvidia.
  3. Be careful not to miss the forest for the trees. The most important driver of investment risk and return for most people, most of the time, is asset allocation. In other words, the dollars you have in stocks vs. in bonds or in cash will almost always be the most consequential decision. It’s easy to lose sight of that, though, because so much of the investment commentary from day to day focuses on details like small differences in fund expenses or small differences in bond yields. To be sure, details can be important, but only after considering the big picture.
  4. Another challenge in investing is that certain rules of thumb gain so much popularity that they end up being seen as rules rather than just guidelines. For example, some say that the percentage of a portfolio allocated to bonds should be equal to an investor’s age. To me, that’s illogical. Consider Bill Gates. He’s 70 years old, but it stands to reason that he shouldn’t have the same asset allocation as any other 70-year-old. Rules of thumb are useful as points of reference, but we shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that everyone’s situation is different, and our investments should reflect that. More to the point, don’t worry if you’re doing something different from the next person.
  5. Buy insurance, but only to protect against losses you couldn’t absorb on your own. What does this mean in practice? In many cases, it’s possible to significantly cut insurance premiums by increasing deductibles. For example, if you have a seven-figure net worth, you might consider raising the deductible on your homeowner’s insurance to $5,000 or $10,000 or even more. Similarly, you might re-evaluate your life insurance as your net worth grows. You’ll likely become “self-insured” at some point, and then you could reduce or drop that coverage.
  6. Personal finance is quantitative, but we should never make decisions based only on the numbers. For example, a common question is how much cash to keep on hand. While we could work out an optimal number on a calculator, that shouldn’t be the final answer. You should also consider what would provide you with peace of mind. That is equally important.
  7. Be wary of the psychological pitfall known as recency bias. This is the tendency to extrapolate from recent experience and to downplay the possibility that things might change. The most famous example? In the late-1920s, when the stock market was booming, Yale University economist Irving Fisher declared that the stock market had reached a “permanently high plateau.” Just nine days later, the market crashed, ultimately dropping 89% from its peak.
  8. Avoid high fees. The research firm Morningstar once wrote, “If there’s anything in the whole world of mutual funds that you can take to the bank, it’s that expense ratios help you make better decisions. In every single time period and data point tested, low-cost funds beat high-cost funds.”
  9. Keep things simple. Most importantly, I would be wary of investments that aren’t easily understood. Not only can this help keep investment costs down, but it also makes it much easier to monitor your financial picture. Legendary fund manager Peter Lynch said it best: “Never invest in any idea you can't illustrate with a crayon.”
  10. Avoid “interesting” investments. So far this year, Wall Street has introduced more than 1,000 new exchange-traded funds (ETFs). How many of these are worth your attention? My guess is you could probably count them on one hand. More than 80% of these new funds are actively-managed, and more than 30% employ leverage. And there are more to come. Fund companies recently filed paperwork to create ETFs that will track the performance of major league sports teams. They won’t actually own shares in the teams; instead, they’re expected to rise and fall in response to each team’s wins and losses.
  11. For years, I’ve argued that bitcoin isn’t a valid investment. Even though it’s gone way up since I first made that argument, I still feel the same way, and for the same reason: because it lacks intrinsic value. Unlike stocks or bonds, it doesn’t generate any dividends or interest. Bitcoin’s price is not anchored to anything measurable or tangible, and that’s why, in my opinion, its price is so volatile.
  12. When it comes to investment risk, investors’ attention usually turns to the stock market. That makes sense, but as we’ve seen this year, bonds are not without risk. And unfortunately, the total-bond market index, which is often seen as the simplest, set-it-and-forget-it option, is one that carries quite a bit of risk. If you’re choosing bond investments, my recommendation is to pay attention to a metric known as duration. This tells you how sensitive a bond, or bond fund, will be to interest rate changes. In my view, investors should hold a sizable portion of their bond investments in a fund, or in individual bonds, with a duration of less than two years.
Adam M. Grossman is the founder of Mayport, a fixed-fee wealth management firm. Sign up for Adam's Daily Ideas email, follow him on X @AdamMGrossman and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

In Retirement

Widow’s Penalty Redux

A RECENT post by achnk53 about the impact of a spouse’s death on the survivor’s taxes piqued my interest.  The post referenced an interesting Kiplinger article about the “Widow’s Penalty”, or the negative tax implications on a surviving spouse after the death of a spouse. A surviving spouse can file Married Filing Jointly (MFJ) in the year of their spouse’s death. In the full year following the spouse’s death you must file Single.  There are some beneficial filing rules for surviving spouses who have dependent children, but that is beyond this post. Nine days later John Urban published an article running the tax numbers for 3 different retiree scenarios, and using the data to provide some excellent suggestions for readers.  In between these two articles I had run some similar case studies to understand the impacts. I ran some case studies using the 2026 Dinkytown 1040 Calculator.  I considered a “lower" income retired couple.   The impact of one spouse passing is very dependent on the sources of income. Assume the retired couple were each receiving $36,000 in annual SS benefits. They have no other sources of income.  The couple filing jointly would have no taxable income, and no tax for 2026.  Had the husband died in 2025, the surviving widow would have seen her income reduced to $36,000. If she needed the lost income, and found a job that paid $36,000, her income would match the original $72,000. But $21,500 of her SS benefit would be taxable, her taxable income would be $33,350, and her annual tax bill would be $3,757.  The table below shows the details of this analysis: Tax Calculation After accounting for the reduction in Medicare related spending, she has similar spending power. But she had to go back to work to achieve that.  This, and the previous examples, reinforce the importance of understanding a couple’s financial details before and after the passing of a spouse. Income will likely be reduced, but expenses may also be reduced. Lower income retirees who depend primarily on both partners SS benefits may see the biggest impact. I also ran a comparison of our tax return for 2026, for both MFJ and if my wife filed single.  I assumed our income consisted of my pension, my wife’s SS benefit, and my SS benefit had I claimed it on January 1, 2026. When I die my wife will receive 75% of my pension, and my higher SS benefit.  The results were not surprising.
  • Her total income would be 68% of our combined pre-death income.
  • Her annual tax bill would be $1,250 more than our joint tax bill.
  • Her effective tax rate would increase by 4.2%.
  • 85% of her SS benefits would be taxable
  • Her spendable income after taxes would be about 65% of the joint amount.
  • She would lose about 20% of the new Senior Deduction
  • She would have no NJ State Tax liability
I then ran an additional scenario with the same assumptions, but also assuming we were 4 years older and would both have to take initial RMDs in 2026.  This scenario reflects one of the concerns frequently expressed when discussing this topic – what happens when the surviving spouse is responsible for reporting the income from both RMDs on her Single tax return. The results changed to reflect the scenario. 
  • Her total income would be about 79% of our combined pre-death income.
  • Her annual tax would be $708 more than the joint tax filing.
  • Her effective tax rate would increase by 3.8%.
  • Her spendable income after taxes would be about 80% of the joint amount.
  • She would lose all of the new Senior Deduction.
  • Her NJ State Income tax would be $540 more than the joint tax filing.
  • She would be pushed up one IRMAA bracket in 2028.
These results are a simplified look at our finances today.  My pension and my wife’s SS benefit cover our non-discretionary, and a decent portion of our discretionary, expenses. The wild card is travel – how much we spend in any year is our choice and may require additional income. I’m about 11 months from claiming my SS benefit, at which point virtually all of our expenses will be covered in a fairly tax-efficient way.  RMDs are still 4 years away. This was a good exercise to get a feel of how my demise would impact my wife’s finances. It would have some financial impacts, but I believe our plan can handle them. I’m considering running some more detailed projections varying the age at death to assess the impacts, but a quick look made me reasonably confident our retirement savings will be adequate, even considering long term care. I will also continue to look at Roth conversions each year.   Richard Connor is a semi-retired aerospace engineer with a keen interest in finance. He enjoys a wide variety of other interests, including chasing grandkids, space, sports, travel, winemaking and reading. Follow Rick on Twitter @RConnor609 and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

In Retirement

Is your retirement plan counting on a Social Security COLA in the future?

"Little wonder many young people view SS and Medicare as huge scams that simply transfer their income to older generations. Using regressive taxes to boot. Many SS recipients receive much more than they put in."
- Paul Ward
Read more »

Health

My Name is Dan, and I’m a CPAP User

"I was super-resistent to using the CPAP at night. It took me several tries over several years to get it right. Here are two things that turned it around: 1) I wore the mask during the day for increasing amounts of time so I'd get acclimated to the 'feel' of it. This helped me to mentally accept the device and not resist it at night. 2) I use a Breath Right nasal strip each evening to keep my nostrils open. This removes the feeling of restricted nose breathing (which kept me from falling asleep). Good luck. Hope this helps."
- Doug Burke
Read more »

In Retirement

Keep an eye on Medigap policies

"Premiums are not based on individual usage. They vary by whether they are community based, entry age based or current age based."
- R Quinn
Read more »

In Retirement

The Security Money Can’t Buy

"Mark, Pushing ourselves to build those friendships is so important for men, and you gave a great example. That feeling of an empty house is exactly what I feel when Rachel is away, too."
- Dennis Friedman
Read more »

Taxes

Sourcing Taxes for Roth Conversions

"And I’m only considering the 1st IRMAA bracket increase ($81?) not the higher ones. I hope."
- Mark Ukleja
Read more »

Health

Medicare Part D premium shock 2027

"Shopping plans won’t do much good; the cause of most increases is not because of underlying costs, but because laws and political decisions have simply shifted costs and the insured population will pick up the different. For some reason the thinking is, don’t send money to insurance companies because they are ripping us off. Instead let the patients send it and government saves money. This is an amazing smoke and mirrors strategy to find another scapegoat. I doubt most Medicare beneficiaries will understand what is actually going on. 😢🥵 Most people won’t believe this, but insurance companies are not the enemy, they don’t make excessive profits, their net profit margins are low, about the same as regulated utilities. But I guess we have to have someone else to blame. The ironic thing is the majority of workers with employer coverage don’t even have insurance. Their employer is self-insured and the company on their ID “insurance” card just processes claims for a fee and has no risk for claim payments."
- R Quinn
Read more »

Retirement

Will Congress Wait Until the Last Minute on Social Security?

"Members of Congress are like children. Procrastinate until the very last minute to do anything. How many government shutdowns threats have we endured because they are mostly all child-like. Just please remember you are working for your constituents, not yourselves."
- Ted Tompkins
Read more »

Behavior

Time Is Priceless

"Andrew-You are a fantastic writer-keep it up!"
- Philip Russell
Read more »

From HumbleDollar Founder Jonathan Clements

Lists

Why HumbleDollar?

IN OUR 20s, WE TEND to be a confident lot: We figure we know what we want from our life, that the goal is…
Read more »

Behavior

My favorite question.

"You are indeed rich. Rich is not just about money."
- Steve Skillman
Read more »

Investing

Financial Lessons

WHAT'S THE MOST important idea in personal finance? It’s hard to single out just one, but over the years, I’ve found the following dozen ideas to be among the most useful.
  1. Whether it’s on TV or online, there’s never any shortage of market prognosticators. Especially during a bull market, everyone seems to have an opinion on where things are headed. The reality, though, is that people can only guess about how the economy, the market or any individual investment will perform. Convincing as they might sound, no one has a crystal ball. That’s why, when it comes to investing, I suggest taking an evidence-based approach, one that relies as much as possible on data and research rather than on the simple stories, anecdotes and sayings that are so prevalent among market commentators.
  2. What does the data tell us? Among the most significant research in recent years is the work of Hendrik Bessembinder. In looking at the historical returns of stocks, he found that just a tiny fraction—only 4%—have accounted for the vast majority of the market’s gains over and above what Treasury bills paid, and the median stock actually delivered a negative return. This is one of the key reasons I recommend index funds rather than picking individual stocks or investing in an actively-managed fund. Identifying that 4% is almost impossibly difficult. But if you invest in a broad-based index fund, you’ll have a high likelihood of owning the next Apple or Nvidia.
  3. Be careful not to miss the forest for the trees. The most important driver of investment risk and return for most people, most of the time, is asset allocation. In other words, the dollars you have in stocks vs. in bonds or in cash will almost always be the most consequential decision. It’s easy to lose sight of that, though, because so much of the investment commentary from day to day focuses on details like small differences in fund expenses or small differences in bond yields. To be sure, details can be important, but only after considering the big picture.
  4. Another challenge in investing is that certain rules of thumb gain so much popularity that they end up being seen as rules rather than just guidelines. For example, some say that the percentage of a portfolio allocated to bonds should be equal to an investor’s age. To me, that’s illogical. Consider Bill Gates. He’s 70 years old, but it stands to reason that he shouldn’t have the same asset allocation as any other 70-year-old. Rules of thumb are useful as points of reference, but we shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that everyone’s situation is different, and our investments should reflect that. More to the point, don’t worry if you’re doing something different from the next person.
  5. Buy insurance, but only to protect against losses you couldn’t absorb on your own. What does this mean in practice? In many cases, it’s possible to significantly cut insurance premiums by increasing deductibles. For example, if you have a seven-figure net worth, you might consider raising the deductible on your homeowner’s insurance to $5,000 or $10,000 or even more. Similarly, you might re-evaluate your life insurance as your net worth grows. You’ll likely become “self-insured” at some point, and then you could reduce or drop that coverage.
  6. Personal finance is quantitative, but we should never make decisions based only on the numbers. For example, a common question is how much cash to keep on hand. While we could work out an optimal number on a calculator, that shouldn’t be the final answer. You should also consider what would provide you with peace of mind. That is equally important.
  7. Be wary of the psychological pitfall known as recency bias. This is the tendency to extrapolate from recent experience and to downplay the possibility that things might change. The most famous example? In the late-1920s, when the stock market was booming, Yale University economist Irving Fisher declared that the stock market had reached a “permanently high plateau.” Just nine days later, the market crashed, ultimately dropping 89% from its peak.
  8. Avoid high fees. The research firm Morningstar once wrote, “If there’s anything in the whole world of mutual funds that you can take to the bank, it’s that expense ratios help you make better decisions. In every single time period and data point tested, low-cost funds beat high-cost funds.”
  9. Keep things simple. Most importantly, I would be wary of investments that aren’t easily understood. Not only can this help keep investment costs down, but it also makes it much easier to monitor your financial picture. Legendary fund manager Peter Lynch said it best: “Never invest in any idea you can't illustrate with a crayon.”
  10. Avoid “interesting” investments. So far this year, Wall Street has introduced more than 1,000 new exchange-traded funds (ETFs). How many of these are worth your attention? My guess is you could probably count them on one hand. More than 80% of these new funds are actively-managed, and more than 30% employ leverage. And there are more to come. Fund companies recently filed paperwork to create ETFs that will track the performance of major league sports teams. They won’t actually own shares in the teams; instead, they’re expected to rise and fall in response to each team’s wins and losses.
  11. For years, I’ve argued that bitcoin isn’t a valid investment. Even though it’s gone way up since I first made that argument, I still feel the same way, and for the same reason: because it lacks intrinsic value. Unlike stocks or bonds, it doesn’t generate any dividends or interest. Bitcoin’s price is not anchored to anything measurable or tangible, and that’s why, in my opinion, its price is so volatile.
  12. When it comes to investment risk, investors’ attention usually turns to the stock market. That makes sense, but as we’ve seen this year, bonds are not without risk. And unfortunately, the total-bond market index, which is often seen as the simplest, set-it-and-forget-it option, is one that carries quite a bit of risk. If you’re choosing bond investments, my recommendation is to pay attention to a metric known as duration. This tells you how sensitive a bond, or bond fund, will be to interest rate changes. In my view, investors should hold a sizable portion of their bond investments in a fund, or in individual bonds, with a duration of less than two years.
Adam M. Grossman is the founder of Mayport, a fixed-fee wealth management firm. Sign up for Adam's Daily Ideas email, follow him on X @AdamMGrossman and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

In Retirement

Widow’s Penalty Redux

A RECENT post by achnk53 about the impact of a spouse’s death on the survivor’s taxes piqued my interest.  The post referenced an interesting Kiplinger article about the “Widow’s Penalty”, or the negative tax implications on a surviving spouse after the death of a spouse. A surviving spouse can file Married Filing Jointly (MFJ) in the year of their spouse’s death. In the full year following the spouse’s death you must file Single.  There are some beneficial filing rules for surviving spouses who have dependent children, but that is beyond this post. Nine days later John Urban published an article running the tax numbers for 3 different retiree scenarios, and using the data to provide some excellent suggestions for readers.  In between these two articles I had run some similar case studies to understand the impacts. I ran some case studies using the 2026 Dinkytown 1040 Calculator.  I considered a “lower" income retired couple.   The impact of one spouse passing is very dependent on the sources of income. Assume the retired couple were each receiving $36,000 in annual SS benefits. They have no other sources of income.  The couple filing jointly would have no taxable income, and no tax for 2026.  Had the husband died in 2025, the surviving widow would have seen her income reduced to $36,000. If she needed the lost income, and found a job that paid $36,000, her income would match the original $72,000. But $21,500 of her SS benefit would be taxable, her taxable income would be $33,350, and her annual tax bill would be $3,757.  The table below shows the details of this analysis: Tax Calculation After accounting for the reduction in Medicare related spending, she has similar spending power. But she had to go back to work to achieve that.  This, and the previous examples, reinforce the importance of understanding a couple’s financial details before and after the passing of a spouse. Income will likely be reduced, but expenses may also be reduced. Lower income retirees who depend primarily on both partners SS benefits may see the biggest impact. I also ran a comparison of our tax return for 2026, for both MFJ and if my wife filed single.  I assumed our income consisted of my pension, my wife’s SS benefit, and my SS benefit had I claimed it on January 1, 2026. When I die my wife will receive 75% of my pension, and my higher SS benefit.  The results were not surprising.
  • Her total income would be 68% of our combined pre-death income.
  • Her annual tax bill would be $1,250 more than our joint tax bill.
  • Her effective tax rate would increase by 4.2%.
  • 85% of her SS benefits would be taxable
  • Her spendable income after taxes would be about 65% of the joint amount.
  • She would lose about 20% of the new Senior Deduction
  • She would have no NJ State Tax liability
I then ran an additional scenario with the same assumptions, but also assuming we were 4 years older and would both have to take initial RMDs in 2026.  This scenario reflects one of the concerns frequently expressed when discussing this topic – what happens when the surviving spouse is responsible for reporting the income from both RMDs on her Single tax return. The results changed to reflect the scenario. 
  • Her total income would be about 79% of our combined pre-death income.
  • Her annual tax would be $708 more than the joint tax filing.
  • Her effective tax rate would increase by 3.8%.
  • Her spendable income after taxes would be about 80% of the joint amount.
  • She would lose all of the new Senior Deduction.
  • Her NJ State Income tax would be $540 more than the joint tax filing.
  • She would be pushed up one IRMAA bracket in 2028.
These results are a simplified look at our finances today.  My pension and my wife’s SS benefit cover our non-discretionary, and a decent portion of our discretionary, expenses. The wild card is travel – how much we spend in any year is our choice and may require additional income. I’m about 11 months from claiming my SS benefit, at which point virtually all of our expenses will be covered in a fairly tax-efficient way.  RMDs are still 4 years away. This was a good exercise to get a feel of how my demise would impact my wife’s finances. It would have some financial impacts, but I believe our plan can handle them. I’m considering running some more detailed projections varying the age at death to assess the impacts, but a quick look made me reasonably confident our retirement savings will be adequate, even considering long term care. I will also continue to look at Roth conversions each year.   Richard Connor is a semi-retired aerospace engineer with a keen interest in finance. He enjoys a wide variety of other interests, including chasing grandkids, space, sports, travel, winemaking and reading. Follow Rick on Twitter @RConnor609 and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

In Retirement

Is your retirement plan counting on a Social Security COLA in the future?

"Little wonder many young people view SS and Medicare as huge scams that simply transfer their income to older generations. Using regressive taxes to boot. Many SS recipients receive much more than they put in."
- Paul Ward
Read more »

Free Newsletter

Get Educated

Manifesto

NO. 3: WE SHOULD focus relentlessly on what we want from our financial life. That’ll motivate us to save, drive our investment strategy—and help ensure we pursue the goals we care about most.

Truths

NO. 116: AVOIDING probate is a big cost savings in some states—but not others. A local attorney can tell you how things stand in your state. If probate is costly, you might place assets in a revocable living trust. That can also be a smart move if you own a house in another state—and face the prospect of your estate passing through probate in two states.

think

ILLUSION OF CONTROL. If we shake the dice vigorously, we feel we’re more likely to get the roll we want. Similarly, if we follow the stock market closely and trade often, we feel more control over our returns. But in truth, this can hurt results, as we act impulsively and rack up costs. A better strategy: Focus on things we can control, like risk, taxes and expenses.

act

SEARCH FOR UNCLAIMED property. Every state has a program for returning lost and forgotten assets to their rightful owners. Those assets include stocks, uncashed dividends, bank accounts, traveler’s checks, the contents of safe deposit boxes and utility company security deposits. You can find further details and links to state websites at Unclaimed.org.

Two-minute checkup

Manifesto

NO. 3: WE SHOULD focus relentlessly on what we want from our financial life. That’ll motivate us to save, drive our investment strategy—and help ensure we pursue the goals we care about most.

Spotlight: In Retirement

Taking It With You

DEEP DOWN INSIDE, I want to be the richest person in the graveyard. 
I retired at age 62, confident in our financial plan to survive market fluctuations. We saved over 25% of our income for nearly three decades. Perhaps a bit too much, but we lived well and always had sufficient funds to raise a family, maintain our household, and put our children through postgraduate education.
If anything, our retirement spending level is conservative,

Read more »

Social Security

AT FIRST GLANCE, Social Security appears straightforward. During our working years, we pay into it, and in retirement, it sends us a monthly check, guaranteed for life. Unfortunately, it isn’t always so simple. Below are five aspects of the system that are frequently misunderstood.
Benefits estimates. Look at a Social Security statement, and an easy-to-read chart provides estimates of the benefits available at various ages. The heading above the chart reads, “Personalized Monthly Retirement Benefit Estimates Depending on the Age You Start.” That seems clear.

Read more »

Spouses SS benefits don’t always equal half workers benefit.

Adam Grossman wrote this in an e-mail today. I didn’t know this did you?
“The spousal benefit is terrific, but a commonly misunderstood limitation is that—unlike a worker’s own benefit—it doesn’t continue to increase each year until age 70. It hits a maximum at the spouse’s FRA. For that reason, it’s important for a spouse to not delay beyond that point.”
On the other hand if the worker delayed beyond FRA those extra benefits pass on to survivors benefits.

Read more »

Social Security Spousal Benefits

While many retirees know that waiting until age 70 can maximize their own retirement check, applying that same logic to Spousal Benefits is a costly mistake. If you are eligible for a spousal claim, waiting too long could mean losing three years of benefits for no gain.

Why Age 70 doesn’t work                                                                                                              A worker’s personal retirement benefit increases by roughly 8% per year for every year they delay filing past their Full Retirement Age (FRA)> However spousal benefits stop increasing once you hit your own FRA.

Read more »

Retirement Accounts

I WAS SCROLLING through social media recently and saw somebody dismiss retirement accounts as “paper wealth.” The argument was familiar: Your money is locked away and you’re waiting for permission to access it.

There’s a grain of truth here. Retirement accounts do come with rules. But much of the discussion online ignores how flexible these accounts actually are. More important, it ignores the enormous tax advantages.
Most people today will likely live well beyond age 59½.

Read more »

Defining Enough

I used AI as an editorial assistant to help organize and refine my thoughts; the underlying ideas and personal experiences remain my own.
Like a lot of engineers, I spent my career solving problems the same way: build a model, gather the data, run the simulations, optimize the result. So when retirement came into view, I did what came naturally. I built spreadsheets—and got back a mountain of output and almost no peace of mind.

Read more »

Spotlight: Saha

Options in Disguise

DO YOU INVEST IN options? Think twice before saying that you’d rather go to Vegas. My bold claim: Options investing has a lot in common with investing in stocks and corporate bonds. Intrigued? Let’s recap a European style call option. It’s a discretionary contract that allows someone to buy an underlying asset at a set strike price at a future date. Let’s say the buyer of the call, Bob, has an option on a stock with a strike price of $100. Bob will only exercise the contract if it’s profitable. If the stock price rises to $150 by the time the option expires, Bob can acquire the shares for $100 and immediately sell them for a $50 profit. On the other hand, if the stock price drops to $80, Bob has no obligation to exercise the option. His call option will simply expire worthless. Bob’s only chance at profit comes if the underlying asset clears the strike price. That brings us to the option seller, Shelly. She owns the underlying stock and is participating in a covered call, meaning she’s selling a call option on an asset she already owns. In return, Shelly receives a call premium from Bob. Selling covered calls is a popular strategy for generating extra income. In exchange for the income she receives from selling the covered call, Shelly risks having to sell the stock at the strike price. If the shares rise to $150, Shelly must still sell for $100. The covered call limits her payoff. If the asset doesn’t exceed the strike price, Shelly keeps her shares and pockets the income. What if the stock falls? Shelly still has her option premium, but that may be more than offset by the share price decline. Now, let’s consider the positions of stock and bond investors…
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Twenty-five years ago today….

The S&P 500 Index peaked on this day after years of dot-com euphoria. Over the next two and a half years, it lost about half its value, and it took nearly five more years to recover. But the relief was what the Fed Chair might call “transitory” —just a couple of years later, the 2008 financial crisis hit, causing an even deeper crash. Ignoring dividends, it took over a decade from the year 2000 for the S&P 500 Index to shake off the bears and take off. While the result so far is impressive - the Index nearly quadrupled in these 25 years, I can’t help but wonder how this lost decade affected retirees or those who invested heavily during the dot-com boom. The decade-long wait to recover compared to a risk-free investment, including the unprecedented financial crisis that threatened a complete meltdown of capital markets, must have been painful and devastating. I can’t imagine how I’d feel if I had to endure such a market in my early retirement years. I didn’t know about the significance of March 24, 2000, until I saw today’s Barron’s “Review and Preview” email mentioning the anniversary. It made me reflect—what was I doing at that time? In 2000, I was new to this country and clueless about most things, including stock investments. (I'm still clueless about most things, except that I know a little bit about investments). The term “S&P 500 Index” would have sounded like a sci-fi gadget to me at that time. All I knew was that the company stock options (a mysterious term that I didn't understand until much later) that I received upon joining my new work—and in the years that followed—became worthless instead of making me a millionaire. I wasn’t particularly upset. Honestly, I couldn’t even grasp how…
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The Art of Spending

I GREW UP IN a middle-class family in Kolkata, India. Like most folks, my relationship with money was shaped by my parents’ financial habits. They were on different sides of the saver-spender continuum. My homemaking mother strove to live beneath our family’s means and never seemed to feel deprived. By contrast, my father—even with a modest salary from his government job—was focused on the art of spending. At my mother’s insistence, my father bought most of our household supplies from wholesalers and cooperative stores, instead of the pricier local bazaar. Branded condiments and drink concentrates were missing from our grocery list, because my mother considered them overpriced. Instead, she joined a community food-processing center to learn how to make tomato ketchup, rose syrup and the like. She used to make enough for our family, as well as neighbors and relatives. My childhood friends still reminisce about the homemade mango-flavored drinks that she served them on hot summer days. Meanwhile, my father had no problem paying up for convenience and life-enhancing extras. He wasn’t extravagant, but he wouldn’t be deterred by the price tag if he felt an item was worthwhile. Years before television became mainstream, he bought a black-and-white set for our home. A few years later, a basic refrigerator appeared in our kitchen to give my mother a break from daily cooking. To manage these expensive purchases, he’d set a financial goal and then save regularly toward the cost. When I first started working, I continued to live with my parents and—similar to my father—made a few big purchases. I installed an inverter power generator to combat the frequent electricity cuts at that time. I learned to drive and bought a used car—our family’s first ever vehicle—for occasional commutes when public transport was inconvenient. Each purchase emptied my accumulated savings…
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My Favorite Store

WHEN I MOVED to the U.S. for work, a friend graciously helped me settle in. He shared many useful tips, one of which was to become a Costco member. I’m glad I heeded my friend’s advice. I’ve saved thousands of dollars over the years and found the store’s service to be exceptional. In recent years, my Costco shopping has expanded to include not just everyday purchases, but also luxury items, gas, tires, electronics and vacations. I bought a piece of jewelry from the warehouse this year to surprise my wife on her milestone birthday. Thanks to the no-fuss return policy, she was able to exchange it for another ring that fit better. Recently, we needed to replace our washer and dryer. I checked out Costco’s online store—something I’ve rarely used. I found models that were highly rated by Consumer Reports. The price was higher than I’d hoped, but it included delivery, installation and hauling away the old machines. I went ahead and placed the order. In a few days, I got the delivery confirmation and a two-hour window for the delivery. The crew showed up on time. In less than an hour, the new appliances were installed and running. The next week, I had to go online again to download the manuals. To my surprise, I noticed a 25% price drop on the same models that I’d purchased. I was disappointed to miss the promotion, but I also had a feeling that Costco would somehow make it right. Indeed, Costco has a price adjustment policy for people in my situation. If an item goes on promotion within 30 days of purchase, Costco refunds the difference. All I had to do was fill out a simple online form. The refund appeared on my credit card account in three days. No questions asked. No wonder…
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Mind the Trap

MY FRIEND JIT learned the hard way that you can never be too careful when dealing with a financial advisor. Despite being a cautious and responsible investor, he made one small oversight—and ended up with his money trapped in an unsuitable product. I’ve known Jit for more than 15 years. He’s smart and financially savvy. He saves diligently and manages his own investments. He funds his son’s 529 plan, maxes out his 401(k), uses the backdoor Roth and so on. He does pretty much everything that a rational, informed investor should do. A few years ago, he consolidated his investments at a single online brokerage firm. He qualified for the firm’s complimentary advisory service, so he decided to get feedback on his existing investments from his designated “account consultant.” Jit’s consultant made a few sensible suggestions and quickly earned Jit’s trust. Jit had a large amount of cash from some recently matured CDs. He debated whether to pay down his mortgage or put the money in the stock market. Tax was a consideration, too. He checked with his consultant. The consultant suggested putting the money in the market. Given Jit’s risk tolerance and overall situation, this was good advice. The advisor, however, directed Jit’s attention to a retirement product with unlimited after-tax contributions and tax-deferred growth—in other words, a variable annuity. Jit had no interest in the lifetime income option, but the advisor argued that the product itself had no surrender charge and that the balance could be withdrawn in part or whole without annuitizing. The goodwill the consultant had already earned, coupled with convincing charts about the value of tax-deferred growth, swayed Jit. He moved a good chunk of his cash into the annuity and invested it in one of the annuity’s investment options, a total stock market index…
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Aging Well

LIKE MANY IMMIGRANTS living in the U.S., I regularly return to my hometown to visit family and friends. My trips to Kolkata are usually short and jam-packed, seeing not just contemporaries, but also the older generation, including aunts and uncles, my parents’ friends and my friends’ parents. My two recent visits—one last fall and the other this spring—were no exception, but I had mixed feelings this time. Most of the older generation are now in their 70s and early 80s, and two of them had passed away since my last pre-pandemic visit. I was happy to be able to catch up with the rest. But I was also saddened and surprised to find that, since my last visit, a few didn’t seem to be doing well emotionally, as if they’re struggling to find meaning in life. On the surface, health problems and mobility issues are to blame, but that alone doesn’t explain such a change within a few short years. With most of their family members or adult children living elsewhere, these folks have no one to lean on for day-to-day support. They resist getting professional in-home senior care services or moving to retirement communities. This mental block is cultural and emotional, not financial. Meanwhile, the rest of my older acquaintances seem to be having a great time in their golden years. They, too, face health and mobility issues, but these don’t appear to affect their positive outlook on life. The best example is my maternal aunt—my mother’s younger sister—whom I call Mashi. Despite dealing with several family tragedies within the past year, including losing her husband of 50 years after a long period of ill-health, Mashi remains upbeat and full of energy. If you were to guess her age based on appearance and activities, you’d probably be off by…
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