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Penny Wise, Pound Foolish

"I think they still exist in Oregon--at least they did when I left in 2022."
- kristinehayes2014
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Buying and Selling our Condo (Our Big “Little” Move, Part 2)

"We just had our three-year reserve study, and we’re 86% funded. California law requires no lower than 70%. Some owners think we should lower the reserve level percentages to decrease dues and hopefully help with resale values, but no one on the board is going for that. (One side benefit of selling and moving is that I have a socially acceptable reason to resign from the board! 😂)"
- DrLefty
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Fixing Social Security once and for all

"A fair fix should include those of us now collecting and working people, but that is a good trick. The screaming would be deafening. Only way I can think of is some modification of future COLAs for higher income beneficiaries. I also favor a five year delay in a COLA for anyone collecting the maximum SS FRA benefit at the start of their benefits. They should have saved to deal with inflation."
- R Quinn
Read more »

Tools/calculators for monthly retirement cash flow and tax estimation

"Misleading? They have sales tax just like everyone else and that's clearly shown during the checkout process."
- b0ringfi
Read more »

Financial Planning

"Here is a useful link to flat fee financial advisors: https://saragrillo.com/2026/01/24/flat-fee-financial-advisor-list/"
- Manoj Sharma
Read more »

One Good Call?

"I have a bit of a philosophical issue with financial advice in general. My thinking runs along the same lines as restaurants. I'd never hand over sixty dollars for a steak I can cook just as well at home, with minimal fuss, for a fraction of the price. But that same sixty dollars for a perfectly executed Peking duck? No hesitation — because that's a dish that takes three days of preparation, a specialist oven, and a chef who's done it a thousand times. You're paying for something you can't replicate yourself. The hard part is figuring out if you're paying for steak or duck."
- Mark Crothers
Read more »

Investment Versus Speculation

"Thanks, Mark and Jack for the replies. The similar number made me wonder. There might be something there. It’s possible an economist has studied this and put out a paper 🤷‍♂️."
- Andy Morrison
Read more »

Resist the Urge to Act

BEFORE WE GET into it, a brief word. We lost Jonathan last year, and those of us who followed his work felt it more than we perhaps expected.  He had a saying that I always liked - that there are really only twenty stories in personal finance, and the financial industry spends most of its time telling them on repeat in slightly different hats. He was right, of course. He usually was. It struck me that a fitting tribute might be to take his core principles and do something with them, not quote him at length, but wrestle with the ideas in our own words, from our own lives. I've chosen "Resist the Urge to Act," and had a go below. If the idea appeals to any readers posting on the forum, I'd love to see others pick a principle, whichever one speaks to you, and write about it in your own voice. No need to be an economist. Just be honest. I suspect Jonathan would have approved of that approach more than most. There's a strange truth lurking at the heart of personal finance that nobody tells you about, possibly because it would put a large number of people out of work. The more urgently you feel you ought to do something with your investments, the more damage you will probably do by doing it. I find this deeply satisfying, not because I'm wise, far from it, but because it seems my instinct to do very little was correct all along. Vindication, when it arrives, should be savored. Jonathan Clements spent decades writing about money for the Wall Street Journal before founding HumbleDollar, which if you're reading this you already know, and if you don't, welcome, you've somehow stumbled into excellent company by accident. One of his core messages, boiled down to its purest form, was this: The secret to successful investing is to be comprehensively, almost aggressively boring. He had a list of principles, and one of them was deceptively simple: Resist the Urge to Act. I have a suspicion he knew it was one of the hardest ones, which is perhaps why he saved it for near the end of his various lists. Telling people to do nothing runs headlong into every instinct the modern world has carefully cultivated in them. The financial news industry has a business model, and it is not, I would suggest, your long-term wealth they're hoping to help. Their holy grail is your attention span, and attention without action doesn't keep the lights on. So urgency is manufactured. Alarm is engineered. The moment a headline about Federal Reserve policy or market volatility lands on your phone screen, the correct and sophisticated response, according to Jonathan, is to put the phone face-down and go and make a cup of tea. This is not what the headline wants you to do. The headline wants you to feel that failure to react immediately constitutes negligence. It doesn't. The information has already been digested, debated, and priced in by people who got it considerably earlier than you did. Acting on it now isn't smart. It's like arriving late to a party that ended an hour ago and wondering why nobody's offering you a stiff drink. Jonathan was a firm believer in market efficiency, the rather humbling idea that you, me, and most professional fund managers with their impressive offices and Bloomberg terminals, cannot reliably outthink the combined judgment of millions of other investors. Once you genuinely accept this, something might shift for you. You'll probably stop checking your portfolio three times before lunch. Which matters more than it might sound, because there's a fairly direct relationship between how often you look at your balance and how likely you are to do something regrettable with it. He had a line I've shamelessly adopted as my own: Your portfolio is like a bar of soap, and the more you handle it, the smaller it gets. My wife Suzie heard me say this recently and pointed out that I've never shown this level of restraint with actual soap. She's not wrong. But then again, I liberate hotel soap. The other temptation Jonathan warned against was treating the market as a hobby. There's a certain thrill, I understand, in hunting for the next great stock, the overheard tip, the sector everyone's talking about. The feeling that you've spotted something the rest of us turkeys have missed is a powerful one. He was fairly blunt on this point. If you want that kind of excitement, go to the cinema. Go to a casino. These are perfectly respectable venues for the willing suspension of rational judgment. Your brokerage account is not. The urge to act, dressed up as diligence and research, is still the urge to act. The actual solution is somewhat anticlimactic. Broad index funds, bought automatically and regularly, regardless of what the television talking heads are shouting about. When the market drops and the headlines turn an alarming shade of red, the correct response, the disciplined, intelligent, sophisticated response, is to turn the television off, close the laptop, and take yourself for a walk. Jonathan was clear on this point: Doing nothing, at the right moment, is one of the harder things an investor can do. It only looks like laziness from the outside. From the inside, when every instinct is screaming at you to move, to switch, to sell, to “do something,” holding still takes genuine effort. I have found, in my own modest experience, that retirement makes this philosophy considerably easier to live by. Urgency has a way of evaporating when you no longer have somewhere to be. The news cycle hums along without me. The market does whatever it decides to do. And I go for my walk. By strange coincidence, the halfway point often coincides with a bar serving decent Guinness. I consider this a stroke of luck. It seems I was a follower of Jonathan's advice for many years before I stumbled upon his name and writing. There's something to be said for arriving at the right answer through a combination of temperament and mild indifference. I'm choosing to call it wisdom. This piece was never meant to be anything more than one person's attempt to retell one of Jonathan's principles in his own words, a tribute of sorts, filtered through lived experience rather than expertise. The voice is mine, for better or worse. The wisdom, unambiguously, was his. There are more principles still sitting there, waiting. Each of them deserves exactly this kind of treatment, personal, honest, and a little bit imperfect. So, who's next? Because if there are no takers I'll have a pretty big task ahead of me.
Mark Crothers is a retired small business owner from the UK with a keen interest in personal finance and simple living. Married to his high school sweetheart, with daughters and grandchildren, he knows the importance of building a secure financial future. With an aversion to social media, he prefers to spend his time on his main passions: reading, scratch cooking, racket sports, and hiking.
Read more »

What am I missing?

"I'm glad you're here, William. Thanks for this explanation."
- DAN SMITH
Read more »

AARP tax calculator changed to 2025

"2026 Update - While the AARP website tax calculator, as of today 4/14/2026, still has the 2025 tax calculator, the developer of that AARP software, Dinkytown, has recently posted their initial 2026 tax calculator to their website. I did note that the 2026 calculator appears to not yet deduct the 2026 limited charitable contributions in their calculation of taxable income (amount is listed, it just does not currently deduct from the total). The current 2026 version does use the 2026 brackets/rates and accounts properly for the $6K senior deduction for each age 65+ taxpayer on the projected return. It's anyone's guess if there will be additional 2026 tax law changes so I will not fine tune my tax planning until late in 2026."
- William Perry
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Avoid the noise, buy the market and stay invested

"Congratulations, Alan! Your investing journey is a great example of how disciplined investing can lead you to 90% of your retirement goals."
- Mark Gardner
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Taxes Season 3

"Mark, thanks for helping those folks from the service employees union. Those simple $300 returns are a big reason why DIY software has become so popular. Of course, the DIY software companies lobby probably had something to do with Direct File being shut down. "
- DAN SMITH
Read more »

Penny Wise, Pound Foolish

"I think they still exist in Oregon--at least they did when I left in 2022."
- kristinehayes2014
Read more »

Buying and Selling our Condo (Our Big “Little” Move, Part 2)

"We just had our three-year reserve study, and we’re 86% funded. California law requires no lower than 70%. Some owners think we should lower the reserve level percentages to decrease dues and hopefully help with resale values, but no one on the board is going for that. (One side benefit of selling and moving is that I have a socially acceptable reason to resign from the board! 😂)"
- DrLefty
Read more »

Fixing Social Security once and for all

"A fair fix should include those of us now collecting and working people, but that is a good trick. The screaming would be deafening. Only way I can think of is some modification of future COLAs for higher income beneficiaries. I also favor a five year delay in a COLA for anyone collecting the maximum SS FRA benefit at the start of their benefits. They should have saved to deal with inflation."
- R Quinn
Read more »

Tools/calculators for monthly retirement cash flow and tax estimation

"Misleading? They have sales tax just like everyone else and that's clearly shown during the checkout process."
- b0ringfi
Read more »

Financial Planning

"Here is a useful link to flat fee financial advisors: https://saragrillo.com/2026/01/24/flat-fee-financial-advisor-list/"
- Manoj Sharma
Read more »

One Good Call?

"I have a bit of a philosophical issue with financial advice in general. My thinking runs along the same lines as restaurants. I'd never hand over sixty dollars for a steak I can cook just as well at home, with minimal fuss, for a fraction of the price. But that same sixty dollars for a perfectly executed Peking duck? No hesitation — because that's a dish that takes three days of preparation, a specialist oven, and a chef who's done it a thousand times. You're paying for something you can't replicate yourself. The hard part is figuring out if you're paying for steak or duck."
- Mark Crothers
Read more »

Investment Versus Speculation

"Thanks, Mark and Jack for the replies. The similar number made me wonder. There might be something there. It’s possible an economist has studied this and put out a paper 🤷‍♂️."
- Andy Morrison
Read more »

Resist the Urge to Act

BEFORE WE GET into it, a brief word. We lost Jonathan last year, and those of us who followed his work felt it more than we perhaps expected.  He had a saying that I always liked - that there are really only twenty stories in personal finance, and the financial industry spends most of its time telling them on repeat in slightly different hats. He was right, of course. He usually was. It struck me that a fitting tribute might be to take his core principles and do something with them, not quote him at length, but wrestle with the ideas in our own words, from our own lives. I've chosen "Resist the Urge to Act," and had a go below. If the idea appeals to any readers posting on the forum, I'd love to see others pick a principle, whichever one speaks to you, and write about it in your own voice. No need to be an economist. Just be honest. I suspect Jonathan would have approved of that approach more than most. There's a strange truth lurking at the heart of personal finance that nobody tells you about, possibly because it would put a large number of people out of work. The more urgently you feel you ought to do something with your investments, the more damage you will probably do by doing it. I find this deeply satisfying, not because I'm wise, far from it, but because it seems my instinct to do very little was correct all along. Vindication, when it arrives, should be savored. Jonathan Clements spent decades writing about money for the Wall Street Journal before founding HumbleDollar, which if you're reading this you already know, and if you don't, welcome, you've somehow stumbled into excellent company by accident. One of his core messages, boiled down to its purest form, was this: The secret to successful investing is to be comprehensively, almost aggressively boring. He had a list of principles, and one of them was deceptively simple: Resist the Urge to Act. I have a suspicion he knew it was one of the hardest ones, which is perhaps why he saved it for near the end of his various lists. Telling people to do nothing runs headlong into every instinct the modern world has carefully cultivated in them. The financial news industry has a business model, and it is not, I would suggest, your long-term wealth they're hoping to help. Their holy grail is your attention span, and attention without action doesn't keep the lights on. So urgency is manufactured. Alarm is engineered. The moment a headline about Federal Reserve policy or market volatility lands on your phone screen, the correct and sophisticated response, according to Jonathan, is to put the phone face-down and go and make a cup of tea. This is not what the headline wants you to do. The headline wants you to feel that failure to react immediately constitutes negligence. It doesn't. The information has already been digested, debated, and priced in by people who got it considerably earlier than you did. Acting on it now isn't smart. It's like arriving late to a party that ended an hour ago and wondering why nobody's offering you a stiff drink. Jonathan was a firm believer in market efficiency, the rather humbling idea that you, me, and most professional fund managers with their impressive offices and Bloomberg terminals, cannot reliably outthink the combined judgment of millions of other investors. Once you genuinely accept this, something might shift for you. You'll probably stop checking your portfolio three times before lunch. Which matters more than it might sound, because there's a fairly direct relationship between how often you look at your balance and how likely you are to do something regrettable with it. He had a line I've shamelessly adopted as my own: Your portfolio is like a bar of soap, and the more you handle it, the smaller it gets. My wife Suzie heard me say this recently and pointed out that I've never shown this level of restraint with actual soap. She's not wrong. But then again, I liberate hotel soap. The other temptation Jonathan warned against was treating the market as a hobby. There's a certain thrill, I understand, in hunting for the next great stock, the overheard tip, the sector everyone's talking about. The feeling that you've spotted something the rest of us turkeys have missed is a powerful one. He was fairly blunt on this point. If you want that kind of excitement, go to the cinema. Go to a casino. These are perfectly respectable venues for the willing suspension of rational judgment. Your brokerage account is not. The urge to act, dressed up as diligence and research, is still the urge to act. The actual solution is somewhat anticlimactic. Broad index funds, bought automatically and regularly, regardless of what the television talking heads are shouting about. When the market drops and the headlines turn an alarming shade of red, the correct response, the disciplined, intelligent, sophisticated response, is to turn the television off, close the laptop, and take yourself for a walk. Jonathan was clear on this point: Doing nothing, at the right moment, is one of the harder things an investor can do. It only looks like laziness from the outside. From the inside, when every instinct is screaming at you to move, to switch, to sell, to “do something,” holding still takes genuine effort. I have found, in my own modest experience, that retirement makes this philosophy considerably easier to live by. Urgency has a way of evaporating when you no longer have somewhere to be. The news cycle hums along without me. The market does whatever it decides to do. And I go for my walk. By strange coincidence, the halfway point often coincides with a bar serving decent Guinness. I consider this a stroke of luck. It seems I was a follower of Jonathan's advice for many years before I stumbled upon his name and writing. There's something to be said for arriving at the right answer through a combination of temperament and mild indifference. I'm choosing to call it wisdom. This piece was never meant to be anything more than one person's attempt to retell one of Jonathan's principles in his own words, a tribute of sorts, filtered through lived experience rather than expertise. The voice is mine, for better or worse. The wisdom, unambiguously, was his. There are more principles still sitting there, waiting. Each of them deserves exactly this kind of treatment, personal, honest, and a little bit imperfect. So, who's next? Because if there are no takers I'll have a pretty big task ahead of me.
Mark Crothers is a retired small business owner from the UK with a keen interest in personal finance and simple living. Married to his high school sweetheart, with daughters and grandchildren, he knows the importance of building a secure financial future. With an aversion to social media, he prefers to spend his time on his main passions: reading, scratch cooking, racket sports, and hiking.
Read more »

What am I missing?

"I'm glad you're here, William. Thanks for this explanation."
- DAN SMITH
Read more »

Free Newsletter

Get Educated

Manifesto

NO. 1: THE GOAL isn’t to beat the market, prove we’re clever or grow absurdly rich. Rather, the goal is to have enough to lead the life we want. We should favor the path most likely to get us there.

think

SIGNALING. How we spend and invest our money often has less to do with what we want—and instead it's driven more by the signals we want to send to others. Owning a hedge fund signals we’re wealthy. Driving a Prius signals we’re concerned about the environment. Going to a classical music concert tells our friends that we’re cultured.

act

PONDER WHEN to claim Social Security. Start with Mike Piper's calculator. Many folks are inclined to claim benefits as soon as they retire, but often it makes sense to wait until as late as age 70. To understand why, learn more about Social Security, including the advantages of delaying and the different strategies that couples might use.

humans

NO. 71: WE FIND strength in faith. Research has found that, on average, folks who are religious report greater happiness. This finding is especially strong among those with lower incomes or who live in less prosperous nations. Perhaps religion helps us to focus less on our own wants and struggles, and more on helping others and leading a life of purpose.

Borrowing

Manifesto

NO. 1: THE GOAL isn’t to beat the market, prove we’re clever or grow absurdly rich. Rather, the goal is to have enough to lead the life we want. We should favor the path most likely to get us there.

Spotlight: Saving

HSA Tips

HEALTH SAVINGS ACCOUNT (HSA) is the most efficient tax-advantaged investment account because it offers a triple tax advantage:

Contributions are tax-deductible
Earnings grow tax-free
Withdrawals are tax-free if used for medical expenses

One of the best uses of an HSA is to actually invest the balance.
For example, I keep $500 (the minimum required balance) in cash. The rest, I invest in low-cost index funds. This allows me to maximize compounding inside the HSA account.

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Go Big Early

I VIVIDLY REMEMBER my father explaining how small sums of money could grow exponentially. Using the example of a penny that doubled every day for a month, he showed how it could grow to more than $10 million. Indeed, as Albert Einstein didn’t say, “The most powerful force in the universe is compound interest.”
Many authors tout the benefits of saving beginning at a young age. Radio personality Dave Ramsey and his daughter Rachel Cruze,

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Aiming for Less

WHAT DOES IT MEAN to “live within your means”? To answer the question, we first need to define “means.”

If your gross income is $60,000, that income isn’t your means. For starters, you need to subtract income and payroll taxes. To live within your means, you need to spend no more than your net income—income after taxes and other withholdings.

I’ll go further and suggest that your true means are your income net of monthly savings for retirement and financial emergencies.

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In Love With Bonds

WHEN I WAS GROWING up, I’d receive Series E savings bonds as birthday gifts from my parents. It was the start of many to come. My parents had great respect for savings bonds and, as I got older, I came to hold them in high regard as well.
Savings bonds never offered the highest interest rate. At a defense plant where I worked, a guy in the accounting department questioned my bond buying. He noted that savings bonds paid less interest than the certificates of deposit then available.

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Navigating the Unknowns of Financial Decisions

WHEN IT COMES to financial decisions, there are, as I’ve argued before, two answers to every question: what the calculator says, and how you feel about it. There’s a fly in the ointment, though: Calculator answers might appear to be based in logic, but they’re still imperfect.
Why?
Ian Wilson, a former executive at General Electric, explained it this way: “No amount of sophistication is going to allay the fact that all knowledge is about the past,

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Trump Account

TRUMP ACCOUNT WAS created as part of the OBBBA signed on July 4, 2025. I’ve been getting a lot of messages about it, because there is a lot of conflicting information. The IRS has also posted some instructions for the account.
My goal with this post is to walk through the rules and give my take on when (if ever), this account makes sense.
Timing & Creation
First and foremost, no contributions are allowed in this savings account for children until 12 months after the law’s enactment,

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Spotlight: Friedman

Better Than Ever

MY WIFE WENT TO New York for five days with a friend. I don’t mind because I could use the rest. Over the past year, we’ve traveled from the West Coast to Europe three times, flown across the country to visit my sister and brother-in-law in Tennessee, and taken a number of car trips. My wife loves traveling and has a lot of energy. Because of all the air miles she’s logged, she’s now qualified for United Airlines Premier Gold status. She can board the plane early and get a free economy-plus seat with extra leg room. These benefits also apply to me when we’re traveling together. If we were a younger, working couple, I might not be as enthusiastic about my wife traveling with her friends, while I’m doing my own thing. But we still have plenty of quality time together and, at our age, I like that she has friends she can turn to if something happened to me. There’s also an age difference between us. At 73, I’m six years older than Rachel. That might not sound a lot when you're in your 40s or 50s. But as you grow older, that six-year gap can seem significant. I realize there’ll come a time when I might not be able—or willing—to keep up with my wife. I walk about seven miles most days, do weight-bearing exercises and try to make good food choices. But there’s only so much you can do to slow down Father Time. You can hit a wall where your mobility declines fairly quickly. After my father passed away, I would take my mother to Georgia to visit her family. We would fly into Atlanta, which is a large airport. It required quite a bit of walking to get to the rental car agency. But…
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What Friends Do

I SENT HUMBLEDOLLAR'S editor an email saying I was taking some time off from writing for the site. I really didn’t think I was going to write again. It wasn’t because I didn’t enjoy it. Rather, I thought I didn’t have anything to say that I hadn’t already said. But when I read Jonathan’s June 15 article, I was inspired to write about friendship. Although I’ve never met Jonathan in person, he feels like a dear friend who I’ve known for many years. It’s because his writings aren’t just about money. They’re also about his life. He’s revealed so much about himself that you feel like you're a close friend. We know he’s a Cambridge graduate who moved from England to New York, and now lives in Philadelphia with Elaine. They recently remodeled their house. They don’t own a car like most families do. He has a daughter, son and two grandsons. He used to be a long distance runner, but because of an injury he now rides a bike. He’s also not afraid to talk about the difficulties in his life: he was bullied in school, experienced two divorces and now is in a fight with cancer. That personal touch is why I look forward to reading his Saturday articles. It isn’t easy finding a friend you can trust, which is what you feel when you read Jonathan’s writings. When I was 19 years old, a bunch of us guys got together to play a pickup football game. We decided to play tackle instead of touch football. I wasn’t thrilled about it because I was the smallest guy on the field. I was short and skinny, just like I am today, at age 73. We kicked off to the opposing team. My friend Mike caught the ball and avoided all the…
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Worth the Wait

IF SOMEONE ASKS ME what my favorite day is, I’d have to say the second Wednesday of the month. That’s when my Social Security check gets deposited into my checking account. I’ve received three checks so far and each one has been a joy. The experts might be right when they say retirees who have predictable income are happier. At age 70, I feel like a little boy who just got his first bicycle. I waited a long time for my first check—and it was well worth it: I now have the best income annuity you can own. Compared to annuities sold by insurance companies, Social Security has better inflation protection, it’s taxed less heavily and there’s less credit risk. Because I waited until 70, my check is large enough to cover our overhead costs. That larger check reduces the risk that our investment portfolio will run out prematurely. We can spend more freely knowing we have a financial backstop in my larger Social Security check. Delaying my benefits has lowered our taxable income. While I waited to claim Social Security, I was able to do larger Roth conversions, and those mean I’ll have smaller required minimum distributions starting at age 72. If I die tomorrow, you could argue that I made the wrong decision in delaying Social Security—and you might be right, though my wife will get my benefit as a survivor benefit. On top of that, from a financial point of view, dying tomorrow isn’t my big concern. Instead, what would be more worrisome to me is watching our savings dwindle in our later years—and be left with a smaller Social Security check to fall back on.
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A Fine Example

MY MOTHER IS 95 years old and in fairly good shape for her age. Yes, she repeats herself quite often. When she does, I tend to let it go in one ear and out the other. When she talks about my father, however, I listen very closely. One day, as I was backing the car out of the garage, she looked at all the cabinets my father built and said for the umpteenth time, “Sam was a smart man. Look at all the things he designed and built.” My father was one of the wisest men I’ve ever known. He was a machinist by trade. But he was very knowledgeable about life in general, including personal finance. I still remember something he said to me when I was young: "It's not how much money you make that’s important. It's what you do with your money that’s important." One day, I asked my father when would be a good time to invest some extra money I received from my employer. He answered “yesterday”—a reminder of the importance of investing early. He never tried to time the stock market or game the system in other ways. He was a meat-and-potatoes kind of investor. Just invest your money in a low-cost diversified fund and watch it grow. Today, my mother is still living off the money that her and my father invested. Isn’t that proof that you don’t have to reinvent the wheel when it comes to investing? Not only did I learn the basic principles about investing from my father, but also he instilled in me a work ethic that propelled me through my life. When I was a teenager, I used to watch him get up early to go to work and come home late in the evening. He sometimes did this six days…
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California Dreamin’

WHEN I WAS 10 YEARS old, my dad got a job offer in California. It was the early 1960s, we were living in Ohio and the local economy wasn’t doing very well. At the time, California was so desperate for factory workers that employers would run help wanted ads in local newspapers across the country. My dad, who was a machinist, answered one of the ads by simply placing a phone call to the employer. He was offered a job on the spot. The company paid all our moving expenses. Once we arrived in California, we stayed in a hotel, paid for by my dad’s new employer, until we found a place to live. It seemed like we had landed in paradise. I saw the ocean for the first time, there was an abundance of beautiful palm trees, no more bruising cold weather, and plenty of things to see and do. What’s not to like about California? It was a fresh start for our relatively young family. A few years later, my parents owned a four-unit apartment building. My dad was working six days a week and my mother was employed, too. We had come a long way from our small starter home in Ohio and the constant threat of layoffs. We were joined in California by other family members: aunts, uncles and cousins. Many found new opportunities and a better quality of life. For instance, my uncle, who was a bartender in Ohio, was able to own his own bar in California. California has the fifth largest economy in the world, just ahead of the U.K. The state has 12% of the U.S. population, but contributes 16% of the country's jobs. It’s No. 1 in the nation in agricultural output. Still, today, it’s a different story for the middle class…
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Flying Blind

IN THE EARLY 1990s, my employer—an aerospace manufacturer—sent a small group of employees to Winnipeg, Canada, to help set up a production line. We were chosen because of our familiarity with the product involved. The company provided us with a furnished apartment, a rental car and $40 a day for food. They flew us back home every two weeks, so we could take care of personal business. I’d fly to Los Angeles on Friday and return to Winnipeg on Monday. This went on for about one year. I’d take Northwest Airlines—now part of Delta—and the flight would always make a stopover in Minneapolis-St Paul. I never liked the flights between Minneapolis and Winnipeg, which were typically on smaller, older planes. One time, I noticed some of the overhead compartment doors were held shut with duct tape. I wondered what other parts of the plane were held together with tape. The plane seemed to rattle more than other planes. If you fly often, you’ll eventually encounter some problems. I’ve experienced my share of cancellations, delays and lost luggage. But my flight one morning from Winnipeg to Minneapolis was by far the most alarming. About halfway through our flight, the pilot told everyone to return to their seats and fasten their seatbelts immediately because of a severe storm in our path. The flight attendants, who were in the process of serving snacks, stopped what they were doing and hurried back to their seats. The flight got bumpy right away. You could see the lightning from the storm. Then the turbulence got intense. The plane was bouncing around like a rubber ball. There were loud noises as if the plane might fall apart in midair. I was wondering if they were still using tape to hold things together. I noticed a woman to…
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